The impact of estrogen receptor (ER) was examined for expression and activity of cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in two pairs of ER + /ER – human breast epithelial cell lines derived from single lineages, and representing earlier (T47D) or later (MDA-MB-231) stages of tumorigenesis. This minireview highlights differential expression of estrogen receptors on immune cells, major estrogen-mediated signaling pathways, and their effect on immune cells. Acute loss of ER was evaluated using the anti-estrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI). The estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family, which has no known endogenous ligands. Front. Estrogen receptor (ER) plays an important role in various physiological functions. We examined whether ERα and ERβ are expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and whether ER is a potential target for antitumor therapy. Here, we investigated estrogen receptor α (ERα) as a prognostic biomarker with therapeutic implications in OPSCC alongside factors associated with HPV infection. Antiestrogen resistance often develops with prolonged exposure to hormone therapies, including tamoxifen, and is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancer. The action of tamoxifen is mediated through estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), which bind to a variety of responsive elements, to activate transcription.
Although oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has a good prognosis, the accurate prediction of survival and risk of treatment failure is essential to design deintensification regimens. Additionally, estrogens bind to and activate rapid-signaling membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), such as GPER (GPR30).In addition to their role as natural hormones, estrogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal birth control; for information on estrogens as medications, see the estrogen (medication) article. Keywords: estrogen, estrogen receptor α, rapid extranuclear signaling, unfolded protein response, calcium, breast cancer, cancer therapy. Citation: Livezey M, Kim JE and Shapiro DJ (2018) A New Role for Estrogen Receptor α in Cell Proliferation and Cancer: Activating the Anticipatory Unfolded Protein Response. Female hormone (estrogen or 17β-estradiol) can potentially act on all cellular subsets of the immune system through estrogen receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. ERRα shares a high degree of homology with classic ERα, but does not bind E2 or other natural agonists (Giguere, Yang, Segui, & Evans, 1988). Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of antiestrogen resistance is an important step in the development of new targeted therapies. To examine the role of these varied elements in the response to antiestrogens, we studied the activation of a panel of differing promoters, by these compounds, in human breast, bone, and endometrial derived cell lines. Evidence shows that Luminal A breast cancer is likely to undergo bone metastasis, but the mechanisms involved remain unknown.
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